Dommages à l'auditeur (document en anglais)

Damage to the hearer

An act that affirms or denies a future act of the hearer creates pressure on the hearer to either perform or not perform the act.[3]

Examples: orders, requests, suggestions, advice, remindings, threats, or warnings.

An act that expresses the speaker’s sentiments of the hearer or the hearer’s belongings.[3]

Examples: compliments, expressions of envy or admiration, or expressions of strong negative emotion toward the hearer (e.g. hatred, anger, lust).

An act that expresses some positive future act of the speaker toward the hearer. In doing so, pressure has been put on the hearer to accept or reject the act and possibly incur a debt.[3]

Examples: offers, and promises.

[edit]Damage to the speaker

An act that shows that the speaker is succumbing to the power of the hearer.[3]

Expressing thanks

Accepting a thank you or apology

Excuses

Acceptance of offers

A response to the hearer’s violation of social etiquette

The speaker commits himself to something he or she does not want to do

[edit]Positive face-threatening acts

Positive face is threatened when the speaker or hearer does not care about their interactor’s feelings, wants, or does not want what the other wants.[3] Positive face threatening acts can also cause damage to the speaker or the hearer. When an individual is forced to be separated from others so that their well being is treated less importantly, positive face is threatened.

[edit]Damage to the hearer

An act that expresses the speaker’s negative assessment of the hearer’s positive face or an element of his/her positive face. The speaker can display this disapproval in two ways. The first approach is for the speaker to directly or indirectly indicate that he dislikes some aspect of the hearer’s possessions, desires, or personal attributes. The second approach is for the speaker to express disapproval by stating or implying that the hearer is wrong, irrational, or misguided.[3]

Examples: expressions of disapproval (e.g. insults, accusations, complaints), contradictions, disagreements, or challenges.

An act that expresses the speaker’s indifference toward the addressee’s positive face.[3]

The addressee might be embarrassed for or fear the speaker.

Examples: excessively emotional expressions.

The speaker indicates that he doesn’t have the same values or fears as the hearer

Examples: disrespect, mention of topics which are inappropriate in general or in the context.

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