Les amérindiens au USA

INTRO
Hello everyone, today we are going to talk about the Amerindians

àWarning: There are more theories about how they came to American we choose to talk about the most plausible. Everything that we are going to say is based on evidences that Archaeologists and anthropologists have founded therefore you can find some information different from ours.

àSo, what is the first question that goes through your mind when I say Amerindians?

à Great we are going to answer most of your questions with our presentation and when it’ll be finish if you still have question don’t hesitate to ask them

àWho, how, when, these are the first question we all want to know about So let’s begin Amerindian, Native American or American Indian is the first population who has landed on the American soil. At first Amerindians came from Asian, they were nomadic which means they were constantly moving. Archaeologists and anthropologists are in general agreement that, at a certain period people migrated from Asia and Siberia across the Bering Strait to the North American continent. Around -15000 BC people crossed the Bering Strait, it was Asian hunters who followed wild meat they’ll borrow this path who was not immersed by the water at the time. Then, once on the American continent, they skirted the coast from the Pacific to the Antarctic, they appropriated themselves the land. It’s about 50 million Asian who crossed the Bering strait. 
As time goes by, Native Americans started to develop into tribes and create region. There are 9 regions: Northwest Coast, Plateau, California, Great Basin, South West, Great plains, Eastern Woodlands, Southeast and another one who is now Alaska. Each region had his own tribes and they were more than 1000 tribes and 200 languages. 

Social structure. 
Social structure played an important role in traditional Native American societies. Although there were no written rules or complex governments, there was a defined structure and social norms that people were expected to follow if they wanted to be a part of society. At the highest level of the society, there were tribes. The tribe shared the same culture, territory and language. In each tribe were smaller groups called clans. The members of a clan generally shared a common ancestor and were considered a family each clan had his own village and symbol or spirit that gave the clan its name. The Clan membership of the new born was determined by the mother or the father it depended of the tribe. There was a leader for each clan and one leader for the tribe. These men were elected or chosen by the people. They generally didn’t have total power but were respected men who gave advice that the tribe or clan generally followed. Tribes could have two leaders: one in time of peace and one in time of war. the chiefs and leaders were generally men. however, the women weren’t powerless in fact, in some tribes, the head of the clan was a woman called the "clan mother." The clan mother held little real power, but her opinion was respected and listened to by all. There was Another important leader in Native American society it was the religious leader the shaman. As said before, Amerindians don’t have written rules, but they still had punishments for those who committed a crime or went against the tribe like killing someone or stealing. It did not involve physical punishment. They were usually shamed and blamed in front of the tribe. In extreme cases, they were expelled from the tribe. 

Women, Men and children
No matter where Native American tribes lived in America, there was a lot of work to be done to survive. They had to hunt, farm, prepare food for the winter, build homes, make their own clothing, and protect themselves from their enemies. In the typical Native American society, the work was divided up between the men and the women. They each took on different roles in society in their daily lives. the division of labour between men and women was generally similar across most of the Native American tribes. The women worked in the house, she was doing the cooking, the cleaning and raised the children and sometimes was working the fields. They worked extremely hard. When the women were preparing the meal, this could involve cleaning the animals, gathering fruit and nuts, building a fire, and smoking meat to be stored for the winter. Women had a large variety of crafting skills they used including making baskets, preparing animal hides, and making clothing. Men were also crafting, and their crafts were related to what their jobs were. They would made weapon to hunt and get fresh meat and boats to fish and travel. They were also in charge of protecting their tribe and were the one involved in wars. 
Young children and babies were spending their whole time close to their mother. The mother would do her daily chores while carrying the baby on her back in a cradleboard. The mother often nursed the young child until it was two or three years old. Grandparents if they were alive played an important role in teaching and raising children. The transition from child to adult was usually different for boys and girls and clearly defined in Native American tribes. One type of ceremony was called a vision quest. During the vision quest, the child would go off alone into the wilderness. They would stay there without food or sleep until they had a vision. The vision would provide a guardian spirit or direction for the child's new adult life. 




à Indians American’s food varies from tribe to tribe. as you might be able to guess, Athabaskan Indians in Alaska had a very different diet from Brazilian tribes in the Amazon rainforest! Some Native American tribes were also much more agricultural, staying in one place year-round and farming the land, while other tribes were semi-nomadic, moving frequently from place to place as they hunted and gathered food for their families. This also affected what kinds of food they ate. To get a varied diet, Native American used 3 types of food-gathering: hunting and fishing, gathering and farming. Every Amerindian tribes hunted or fished to get fresh meat to eat. They had different ways to hunt: large groups of Native Americans usually worked together to drive large animals into an ambush, a man-made pit, or over a cliff, sometimes setting controlled fires or building fences to cut off their escape. In other tribes, each individual Native American hunter stalked deer, rabbits or other pray, or set snares or traps for them. In fishing tribes, Native American fishermen would either catch fish and hunt marine mammals from their canoes, or else set fish nets and wooden traps for them. Native hunting and fishing weapons varied from tribe to tribe, but the most common ones were bows and arrows, spears, harpoons, fish-hooks, and blowguns. Farming was another very important

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