Specific cognitive disorders

Specific cognitive disorders appear during the development of the child, before or during the first apprenticeships, and persist in adulthood. They have repercussions on school, work and social life and can cause a psycho-emotional imbalance. Their identification, screening and diagnosis are crucial. 

 Some of these disorders affect early learning: language, gesture ... 

Others more specifically affect school learning such as written language and numeracy. They are most often called specific learning disorders. 

We group these disorders in 6 categories: 

• Specific disorders of written language acquisition, commonly known as dyslexia and dysorthography. 
• Specific disorders of oral language development, commonly known as dysphasia. 

• Specific disorders of motor development and / or visuospatial functions, commonly known as dyspraxia. 
• Specific disorders of the development of attentional processes and / or executive functions, commonly known as attention disorders with or without hyperactivity. 
• Specific disorders of the development of mnemic processes. 
• Specific disorders of digital activities, commonly known as dyscalculia. 

We will talk about the Dyslexia, Dyslexia is a common learning difficulty that can cause problems with reading, writing and spelling. 

These disorders appear from the first moments of learning in the form of a difficulty in mastering the so-called alphabetic stage of learning to read. 

In the next stage, the disorder manifests itself in an inability to memorize the visual form of the words and to recognize them globally (spell stage). This results in a generally hesitant reading, slowed down, enamelled of errors which nevertheless required a lot of efforts. The spelling, which normally develops as word recognition is globalized, is affected. 

The dyslexia-related deficiency varies in intensity depending on the individual. It may be accompanied by computation disorders, motor coordination (and in particular graphics) or attention disorders, with or without hyperactivity. 

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: In early childhood, symptoms that correlate with a later diagnosis of dyslexia include delayed onset of speech, difficulty distinguishing left from right, difficulty with direction, as well as being easily distracted by background noise 

Their association is an aggravating factor. 

Events: 

• Difficulty identifying words. 
• Difficult to read without error and in a fluid way. 
• Difficulty carving out words in a sentence. 
• Overly slow reading. 

• Difficulty in understanding texts. 
• Writing slow and difficult, sometimes illegible (dysgraphy). 
• Many misspellings, some phonetically plausible, some aberrant. 
• Significant fatigue related to reading and writing activity. 

Implications: 

• Bad school books. They are often incomplete, illegible and incomprehensible, which makes it difficult to study lessons and do homework. 
• Difficulty reading and writing does not allow access to information naturally. 
• No taste for reading and writing. 
• Difficulties of learning in many subjects: literary subjects are the most affected, scientific subjects can also be affected by difficulties understanding of statements. 
• Problems of understanding the subjects written in the exams, the production of a readable and correctly spelled copy, and the time taken to write it. 

• Academic results not up to the effort. 
• Education more difficult with the risk of repetition, interruption of schooling or orientation towards a less ambitious training that his intellectual abilities would be entitled to authorize him. 
• Difficulty managing situations where it is necessary to read or write (CV, classifieds, hiring tests ...) 
• Psychological frustration. 
• Decreased self-esteem. 

Dyslexia is estimated to affect between 5% and 15% of children and about 5% of the general population. Thus, statistically each class would average a dyslexic child. Boys are more affected than girls and dyslexia is more common in countries where language is difficult. All social circles are concerned. 

...