Exposé en anglais Sur La Situation Des Noirs Aux Etats-Unis Depuis Le 20ème Siècle

Exposé sur la situation des Noirs aux Etats-Unis depuis le 20ème siècle

INTRODUCTION

As stated in the Declaration of Independence of 1776 , "all men are created equals", but until today, it was not always respected; the particular demonstrates this "barrier" in America, separating blacks from whites, it is both spatial, economic, social or political. These noble words from this statement were then meaningless for 1.5 million slaves.

From the 17th century, is established between the new world, Europe and Africa trade: the triangular trade. Its operation is simple: traders called "Negro traders" went by boat to Europe to Africa during "the slave trade expeditions." During these expeditions the trader traded products against black men so that, thereafter, sell in America to rich white owners as labor. This trade was very successful. In 1863 Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery at first only in the North of the usa and then in the entire country. The law abolishing slavery is then proclamed in the constitution in 1865. But despite the emancipation of blacks legally, the road is still long for them to be accepted as an 'free by whites, because even though slavery was abolished Men, morals are hard to change.

Indeed it is in this way that comes across the country and especially in the southern extremists like the Ku Klux Klan movements. Founded after the Civil War, this racist grouping was intended to scare black and very often the members of the group participated in lynchings of blacks suspected of imaginary crimes. Between 1910 and 1970, 6.5 million blacks flee north to escape racial discrimination, find better jobs and give their children a better education, others like Malcom X propose the creation of a separate territory as an alternative to assimilation into the white American nation (as Marcus Garvey in particular) black nation. But it was not until the 1960s and the various movements Black Americans or violent pacifist, the Rev. Martin Luther King, Malcolm X or the Black Panthers, fighting for "civil rights" for equal rights is finally recognized Black American citizens. This is why we can ask to ourself if since the abolition of slavery we see an evolution in the social status of blacks ?

In the first part, we gonna talk about the movement civil rights and revolutionnary action and in a second part, we gonna talk about the icons who inspired Black people.

I) Civil right movements and revolutionnary aspect

A / A situation social & economic complicated

The 50's were marked by a principal of "false equality", "separate but equal."

      George Wallace, governor of Alabama racial segregation strictly applied to the public places, schools, swimming pools, bus (-> Rosa Parks)...there were organized in such a way that blacks were differentiated from whites. It was banned black students to enter the Universities of state at that time 63% of Black women and 48% of black men were servants and wage

"Whites" were twice higher than those of blacks.

In addition, the United States is in crisis, making life even more unbearable in the ghettos. Drugs and poverty persist again and again, crime exploded,and police brutality that followed are becoming more numerous.

Thus the movement against segregation is carried by different personalities. In 1957 the Supreme Court decided to accept the integration of blacks but the governor of Alabama prefers to close public schools (eg federal government is obliged to intervene paratroopers in Little Rock, Arkansas, where nine black children were expelled from the school by the crowd). In 1960, five Southern states still practice full segregation.

So this is a society that is very bad and when a society is going in the wrong direction, it is necessary to change the trajectory so we'll see different people who cause this change and lead others to act in this struggle.

B / The singular struggle of Martin Luther King

course

Martin Luther King Jr. was born January 15, 1929 in Memphis, Tennessee. Son and grandson of pastors. "Treat every human being with respect," The father of Martin Luther King was already working to combat racism, his son will follow him. Younger the best friend of Martin was white, and on their first day of school, they no longer were allowed to play together. the child could not escape segregation. At the age of 15 years in 1944, he entered the university, Morehouse College in Atlanta (famous black university in the United States).

King was at that time already a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (National Association for the Advancement of People of Color), which was founded in 1909 by Web Dubois. The NAACP was defined as an integrationist movement fighting against the lynching, exclusion based on the media, pressure groups and complaints before the courts. Martin Luther King is then seen to be a strong supporter of the black struggle for civil rights (civil rights).

Martin Luther King joined the procession of people who supported it. Indeed, in December 1955, he agreed to conduct which constitutes the first major non-violent in recent history made by blacks in the United States event. Outraged King, Nixon, and Ralph Abernathy organized a boycott associations with several one-day Montgomery bus. To the amazement of all, the boycott was followed almost hundred percent, and four thousand people attended King's speech. Martin Luther King began by denouncing the injustices blacks were victims. And he continued: "Love must be the ideal that guides us. We need to once again hear the words of Jesus echo through the centuries: Love your enemies. Bless those who curse you. Do good to those who hate you. Pray for those who persecute you. If we do not do this, our protest will end in tragedy devoid of meaning on the stage of history. "

Unanimously, blacks voted the bus boycott to

the satisfaction of their claims, while they were modest: more courtesy on the part of drivers that are first come first served basis, and that there is black drivers on routes they frequent.

  June 4, 1956, the Federal District Court condemns segregationist regulations in buses.

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