Ponge's techniques

Ponge’s techniques reinforce his conception of the world. (one object described with reference to another)

Ponge’s technique:

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- Mix and match between fable, description, metaphor and comparison.

- Fables always have a clear ending but you don’t see that with ponge.

nd article

- annual growth in these countries consumption over 1984-2005 increased by 440,000 barrels a day each year

- but the last decade it has fallen an average of 700,000 b/d every year since 2005

- why? Great recession and doubling in the price of oil since 2005

- north America, eu, japan

- since 2005, china accounted for 57% of the global increase in consumption

- in 2014 emerging economies account for 55% of global oil consumption

- comparing this with 1980 when it was a third

- According to the 2014 IMF World Economic Outlook database,3 world real income increased by 27.7% between 2005 and 2013. If we assume an income elasticity of 0.7, for which Csereklyei, Rubio, and Stern (2014) provide abundant empirical support, we would have expected that in the face of a stable price of oil, production should have increased by 19.4%. The actual increase in field production of crude oil was only 3.1%

- If prices had not risen, growth in demand would have outstripped growth in supply.

- The biggest single contributor over the last three years has been Libya. A civil war in 2011 led to the overthrow of Qadhafi and near cessation of exports. The subsequent peace proved to be temporary, and production has recently again been sharply curtailed as a result of labor disputes and conflicts between warring militias.

- Sanctions reduce iran production

- Attacks on oil infrastructure in Nigeria

- Conflict in sudan and Syria make us lose 400,000 b/d

- the EIA estimates that these and other unplanned disruptions reduced world oil production by 3.3 mb/d in June 2014

- the overthrow of Qadhafi occurred in 2011, but we are still discussing its

- “temporary” consequences three years later.

- Saudi Arabia acted as the world’s primary swing producer and maintained excess production capacity in order to be able to play that role

- Saudia Arabia – 1/3 of oil production of opec

Differences between the metaphor & definition

How can objects be understood?

- Ponge explores the world through touch and feeling – sensorial experience.

- How these objects take place in our daily life – repetition

Grammar

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