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Biographie d'auteurs Irlandais

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FICHES DE CONNAISSANCES

JAMES JOYCE 

LIFE : born in Dublin in 1882. Joyce considered himself European although he wrote only about Ireland and Irish life, especially the Dublin’s one : he thought that Ireland’s destiny was to open its culture to the other European cultures because Irish people had a cultural lack very remarkable. Joyce’s works show the negative aspect of Irish life. For this reason, he contrasted greatly with that of his literary contempories. For him, the only way to improve Irish awareness was by offering a realistic portrait of its life from a European ans cosmopolitan viewpoint. Some publishers and printers found some obscene elements in his works. Joyce wanted the independence from England but he believed that Ireland’s evil was the oppression they do to themselves.

ORDINARY DUBLIN : in his work, all set in Dublin, Joyce wanted to talk about life of ordinary people doing ordinary things and living ordinary lives. He is focused on the Irish society, he managed to pass from the individual sphere to the universal one : everything inside men’s mind is fused with the universal heritage and with the natural world.

STYLE AND TECHNIQUE : in order to give a realistic and objective portrait of character’s lives, Joyce used different point of view and narrative technique and was alien from the society where he lived. So, Joyce’s technique is different from work to work : in « Dubliners » he used the realism and disciplined prose, the free direct speech ans the epiphany. In « Ulysses », he used the interior monologue with two levels of narration, he describes reality by the stream (flot) of consciousness archetypes. Language is demolished in favour of a succession of words without punctuation.

THE ORIGIN OF THE COLLECTION : Joyce with his work wanted to express the paralysis that afflicted Ireland and Dublin → this conditions are caused by religion, unhappiness and oppression of lower-middle-class. « Dubliners » are fifteen stories about daily moments of social  moral and spiritual revelation for the characters. The stories are divided in four categories.

THE USE PF EPIPHANY : the stories are very concise and contain a lot of details which have a deeper meaning and underline the poverty of characters’ live. In order to explain their meanings, the author used the technique of epiphany : this is the sudden spiritual manifestation caused by a trial situation which lead the character to a sudden self-realization about the world surrounding him/her. The motif is in fact the central theme of the work.

A PERVASIVE THEME : Paralysis → the characters that Joyce describes in his work are affected by some physical and interior paralysis but they dont react because they have not the necessary courage to do it. They are spiritually weak and scared people. Joyce gives a realistic portrait of paralysis in order to make aware characters of their failure.

NARRATIVE TECHNIQUE : in « Dubliner », the stories are told from characters’ point of view in the form of narrated monologue. The author tells the stories according to characters’ stream of consciousness : the free speech becomes free thoughts → its seems that the character is alone with himself. The narrator is not omniscient and interviews not much. The linguistic register is varied.

OSCAR WILDE

LIFE : born in 1854. Involved in the aesthetic movement. He has a brillant conversation and extravagant personality. Wrote poems and wrote fairy stories for children. His greatest talent was for writing plays and he produced extremely popular comedies.

THEME : Aestheticism → Wilde is the most outstanding exponent of the aestheticism. This movement celebrated beauty and the importance of personal experiences over the standard codes of behavior. Wilde was greatly influenced by the French ideal of « l’art pour l’art », which claimed that art should have no moral value and purpose except the beauty itself. Throughout The Picture Of Dorian Gray, beauty reigns. It is a way to revitalize the tired senses and a means of escaping the brutalities of the world. In a society that prizes beauty so highly, youth and physical attractiveness acquire considerable importance.

THE DOUBLE : The whole novel is focused on the theme of the double, that is based on the contrast between appearance and reality. Internal feelings are always hidden to the public because the Victorian society was built on traditions and conventions that had to be respected. In the novel the picture is the symbol of this hypocrisy. Outside everything had to be perfect.

EUGENE MCCABE

LIFE : born in 1930 in Scotland, writer. For his first play, The King of the Castle, in which he dared treat the taboo subject of fertility and surrogate fatherhood. McCabe's three-part drama cycle about the situation in Northern Ireland, Cancer, Heritage, andVictims, has been praised for a realistic and objective quality that made it fresh and powerful to television viewers. The trilogy of dramas was based on earlier or simultaneously written works. Description of Protestants in his works.

SIDELIGHTS: From his border farm in County Monaghan, Ireland, Eugene McCabe has published a stream of plays, screenplays, short stories, and novels that treat life in Ireland, present and past. A common thread of his works has been the theme of the emotional or physical breakdown under the stress of life in a violent land. McCabe has yet to earn the worldwide audience that other Irish writers of his generation have enjoyed, but he is highly respected by critics, who feel that his best work offers an unflinching portrait of Ireland's ills.

EDNA O’BRIEN 

LIFE : Irish novelist, short-story writer, dramatist, scriptwriter, poet, critic and essayist. She has written short stories, plays, biographies of Joyce and Byron, and an acclaimed memoir, but she is known, above all, for novels which draw on her Irish roots. 

THEME : the male-female relationship and the condition of women, especially their sexual repression, in her native Ireland are principal themes in O’Brien’s novels and short stories. Because of her outspoken but sensitive treatments of controversial subjects, her books like The Lonely Girl and A Pagan Place have been banned in Ireland. Women who got sexual relations with mens but they were disappointed.

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