Global Firm
Cours : Global Firm. Recherche parmi 300 000+ dissertationsPar swan quick • 25 Mars 2019 • Cours • 6 554 Mots (27 Pages) • 542 Vues
GLOBAL FIRM
PART 1: GLOBALIZATION
I. The concept of globalization
A. Conceptualization,origins,andhistory
CYCLES
Globalization as a long-term cyclical process.
EPOCHS
Six great waves of globalization
WARS RELIGIONS COLONIALISM 18th & 19th IMPERIALISM
CENTURIES
POST WORLD WAR
POST COLD WAR
[pic 1] [pic 2] [pic 3] [pic 4] [pic 5] [pic 6] [pic 7] [pic 8] [pic 9] [pic 10] [pic 11]
- (1) The fourth to the seventh centuries which witnessed the globalization of religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam)
- (2) The late fifteenth century highlighted by European colonial conquests
- (3) The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries during which various intra- European wars led to globalization
- (4) The mid-nineteenth century to 1918: the heyday of European imperialism
- (5) The post-world war II period
- (6) The post-cold war period
SPECIFIC EVENTS
(1) The Two World Wars (2) Spanish Flue
Broader, more recent changes
- - The emergence of the US as THE global power in the years following WWII
- - The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs)
- - The fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the cold war
- - 1990: development of ICT, a newly interconnected life o ICT (information & communication technologies) -1-
o Global integration of markets B. Conceptualization
Simplistic and critical representation at first:
- Capitalism and western values
- The fear of “Americanization” and the war on terror Current debates
- The power status of the US after Trump’s election
- The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa)
- The “WEST versus the “The Rest” : eastern Europe + north America DEFINITIONS
- “Geographic-dynamic”: a complex and uneven dynamic linking the local (and the national and regional) to the global – as well as the West to the East, and the North to the South (Steger)
- “Transplanetary process(es)” involving increasing liquidity and growing multi-directly flows as well as the structures they encounter and create (Ritzer)
- A thicheking “local-global” nexus: GLOCALIZATION (Steger) (thick : épais) II. The 4 dimensions of globalization Economic, political, cultural & ecological A. Theglobaleconomy Capitalism: economic system emerged in 1896 and peaked 1914 Similarities between the 2 periods of globalization 1896-1914 and after WWII
- TRANSPORTATION o Railroad/steamship →airplanes
- COMMUNICATION o Telegraph → the internet
- LARGE-SCALE FLOWS OF CAPITAL
- LARGE-SCALE FLOWS IMMIGRATION
- SPECIALIZATION
- FREE TRADE The two periods of globalization: similar problems
[pic 12] [pic 13] [pic 14] [pic 15]
-2-
- - Poor nations
- - No equals gains
- - Losers in the economic competition Transformations centered on the market:
- - Economic production and exchange of commodities
- - Gigantic flows of capital
- - Standardized means of transportation
- - Cyberspace markets
- - The 21st century’s global economic order: o Transnational corporations (TNCs) o International economic institutions (IMF or WTO) o Regional business and trade networks: Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) or the European Union (EU)
B. Before and after Bretton Woods
- - Expansion of international trade
- - Binding rules on economic activities
- - Creation of a more stable monetary exchange system 1918 – 1939: Protectionism Worldwide trade figure 1950-73 World merchandise exports rising by more than 8% Oil price shocks (1974 and 1979) Negative growth of worldwide trade at – 5,4% (1974) and – 7,3% 1991 Worldwide merchandise exports remained stable at an annual growth rate of around 4% 2000- 2007 period Average expansion of world merchandise exports: 6% 2008 WTO Report TRADE EXPANSION - First wave of globalization: 1850 to 1913 ↑ 3,4% (1870-1913) - Second wave of globalization 1950- 2007 ↑ 6,2%
- [pic 16]
-3-
THE BRETTON WOODS INSTITUTIONS
- - End of WWII o World Bank o International Monetary Fund (IMF) o Get rid of the ITO: International Trade Organization
- - In the early 1990s o World Trade Organization (WTO) III. The political dimension of globalization SIGNIFICANT INSTITUTIONAL PLAYERS
- - Governments
- - Multinational corporations (MNCs)
- - Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
- - Think tanks
- - International financial institutions Global institutional players Organizing principles
- - Decentralization
- - Competition
- - Cooperation
Shift of the centers of gravity
- - Administrative
- - Managerial
- - Informational Impact of ICT revolution Vertical organizations → horizontal networks Hierarchical → decentralized Private firms and strategic alliances Think tanks: groupe de pression/réflexion Reasons for the Growth of Think Tanks in the Twentieth and twentieth-first centuries (James
Mc Gann)
- - ICT revolution
- - End of national governments’ monopoly on information
- - Complexity of policy problems
- - Increasing size of government
- - Crisis of confidence elected officials
- - Growth of state and non-state actors
[pic 17]
-4-
- Need for to
IV. The cultural dimension of globalization
A. Theculturalimplicationsoftechnologicalinnovations
Internet users in the World by geographic regions in 2017: We have almost 4 billion (milliards) users of internet in Asia.
Penetration rate is more relevant (pertinent).
Penetration measures: the popularity of a product in terms of usage (people who using a product) or purchase (people who are going to buy a product), analysis of the relevant market. Correlation between people who buy the product and the size of the market.
...